Christine Brown
Teresa Coronado
Eng 226
6 December 2012
An
Informative Poem About Early America
“The Sotweed Factor” or “A Voyage to Maryland” is a
historical satirical poem. A satire is: “The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize
people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics
and other topical issues” (Oxford English Dictionary). Of course at the time it
was written, the poem was addressing contemporary issues; the issues which the
poem addresses are no longer contemporary, but it can show a useful perspective
on voyaging to America, as it gives a humorous, but still
realistic, point of view. This poem retains much of the historical information
concerning America, but offers a somewhat humorous account of the history. The
rhymed poetic style and humor make it interesting and entertaining which makes
the poem read more like fiction than the nonfiction account it really is.
“The Sotweed Factor” or “A Voyage to Maryland” was
written by Ebenezer Cooke. Cooke was born in England (Barrett). He lived solely
in England until around the age of 27. Cooke’s father had preceded him in
coming to America (Richards). His father had purchased land in Maryland, and
when Cooke was around 27, his father passed away (Barrett). Upon his death,
Cooke’s father left his land in Maryland to his son and daughter who still
lived in England (Barrett). When Cooke heard of his inheritance, he went to
Maryland to receive it (Barrett). In addition to receiving his inheritance,
Cooke was also leaving England to escape some debts that he owed that he didn’t
want to have to repay (Richards). Cooke’s plan was to go to the new world and
become a tobacco agent (Richards). When he sets out on his journey to Maryland,
Cooke is surprised by the many misfortunes that greet him along the way. Cooke
is significantly unhappy in Maryland for numerous reasons, and so, he keeps his
residence in both England and Maryland, travelling between the two as he
pleased (Barrett). As a writer and a man of the law, Cooke used his education
to document his voyage in what he thought would be the most effective way. “The
Sotweed Factor” is about Cooke’s journey to Maryland and what he finds when he
gets there. The poem was originally published in 1708 in England (Barrett).
There is still some debate as to whether Cooke wrote the poem after his first
trip in 1694, or if he wrote it later, closer to the actual publication date (Richards).
Whether he wrote it after his first voyage or not, from
the beginning of “The Sotweed Factor,” it is clear that, in contrast to many
voyagers travelling to the New World, Cooke is leaving England unwillingly: “With
heavy heart, concern'd that I/ Was forc'd my Native soil to fly” (Cooke 5-6).
He doesn’t want to leave, but because he can’t pay his debts, he has to. This
is where his unfortunate events begin. After his hesitancy to leave his
homeland, Cooke’s outlook doesn’t improve during the voyage: To Mary-Landour
ship was bound/Where we arriv'd in dreadful Pain/ Shock'd by the Terrours of the Main/For
full three Months, our wavering Boat/Did thro' the surley Ocean float” (Cooke
11-15). This passage from the poem shows the pains of a long journey. Cooke’s
voyage had proved as disappointing to him as having to leave England did.
Once Cooke arrived at the new world, he immediately
begins making fun of the people there: This is important because it explores
the differences in lifestyles and luxuries between England and the New World.
Cooke states: “In Shirts and Drawers of Scotch-clothBlue/With
neither Stockings, Hat, nor Shooe/These SOTWEED Planters Crowd the Shoar”
(Cooke 25-27). The people here look ridiculous to him, because they do not have
the nice, luxurious clothing like the people from England are accustomed to.
Instead they have had to try to make do with what was available to them. Cooke
goes on making fun of the food that they offer him: “In wooden Dishes grac'd
the board/ With Homine and Syder-pap, saying that even dogs would be hesitant to eat
it. Cooke’s actions and words show that he has no real desire to be in the new
world, and also that he wants nothing to do with it. He wants no part of its
clothes, food, or anything else it has to offer.
After his initial mocking of the people in the new world,
Cooke encounters many hardships that come along with a new, undeveloped
territory. This information is also useful in a more complete understanding of
the early American colonies because it reveals the culture shock of going from
a well-developed, civilized land, to a place that is only beginning to be
cultivated. Although Cooke keeps the rhymed poetic form, he manages to tell a complete
story of many hardships that he faces in this new place. Upon first arrival, he
speaks of not having a place to sleep, and being accused of being an escaped
slave (Cooke 83-89). He finds this very insulting and rude. His difficult
encounters go on to include other rude behaviors and bad manners. So much so
that he believes even the people who were formerly from a civilized country are
now closer to the savages in behavior than they are to being proper and
civilized (Cooke 695-703).
Cooke’s hardships continue in many other areas. One is
dealing with the local wild life. The issue with wildlife in the New World is
important because Cooke’s inexperience with wildlife shows how urbanized London
was at this time. Since Cooke was from London, he was not accustomed to seeing
or hearing wild creatures running around freely. As a result, he finds the
encounters with the wild life strange and bothersome. He mentions many
unpleasant interactions with the wild life in the new world. One of those
encounters is with a pack of wolves who are howling after him, and Cooke is
frightened that they will eat him (Cooke 71-74). Another encounter is with a
rattlesnake. He hears the rattlesnake hissing nearby and climbs a tree to
escape from it (Cooke 21-25). Unfortunately, while he is in the tree escaping
the rattlesnake bite, he is forced into another unpleasant wild life encounter
with mosquitoes (Cooke 230-232). Cooke also complains about the croaking of the
frogs in the new world. He said: “A Noise might move their Wooden King/I
stuff'd my ears with Cotten white/
For
fear of being deaf out-right” (Cooke 215-217). Obviously this is an example of
Cooke’s humor in addition to one of his complaints about the local wildlife,
because frogs croaking isn’t likely to make anyone go deaf, but it was an
annoyance to him nonetheless.
In addition to these bothersome issues Cooke had with the
local wild life, were other grievances he had with the people there. Included
in those grievances was theft, as he was a victim of it. Someone stole many of
his belongings from him while he slept (Cooke 444-447). In addition to theft,
he also was unfortunate enough to encounter a Quaker con-artist. The Quaker
refused to pay the debts he owed to Cooke, and at last ran away (Cooke 613-618).
When Cooke tried to take the Quaker to court to get what he was owed, the court
system also proved unprofitable for Cooke (Cooke 635-655). After this last
unfortunate event, Cooke disliked the new world more than ever. These events
are important because Cooke was also a thief himself since he was running away
from debts he owed in England. The fact that Cooke was frustrated with others committing
the same crime that he was guilty of adds even more humor to the poem. By
writing a satire, Cooke was trying to point out some of the flaws in the New
World that he felt needed to be resolved, but one of the grievances that
frustrated him the most was one that he is guilty of himself.
“The Sotweed Factor” is a unique work for several
reasons. One reason is, as mentioned above, it is a satire. As a satirical poem, “The Sotweed Factor” is meant to
criticize and ridicule the irony of certain issues in a humorous way. This feature makes the poem unique, because a
historical satire is less common than other more serious types of literature
from the colonial U.S. With Cooke’s first-hand experience, the text shows some
of the real hardships and challenges of coming to the new world, but it shows
it from a more interesting and entertaining perspective.
Another thing that makes “The Sotweed Factor” unique is
its view on religion. Most historical accounts about the founding of America
present the pursuit of religious freedom to worship God as they desired as the
main purpose of their endeavors. However, Cooke presents a new idea in “The Sotweed
Factor.” He compares the acts of the English settlers to the rebellious acts of
Cain in the Bible. Cooke suggests that the English settler’s actions against
England, their brothers, were no different than Cain’s murderous actions
against his brother Abel. An article titled “Ebenezer Cooke” states: “Cooke is
using the reference of brother turning against brother to imply that Maryland
patriots have turned away from England” (Barrett). This suggestion is a very
different view than what most accounts offer. In contrast to their claims to be
in search of God’s will, Cooke suggests that by establishing a new colony in
competition with England, they are running from God. The reason this viewpoint
is different from what most people are accustomed to from early America is
because the New England works are more common than the works from Maryland. This
alternative view could be valuable in a more complete understanding the
settlement of early America.
In addition to the differing views on religion, Cooke
also presents many accounts of hardships in early America from a new
perspective. This is no longer a man who is trying to see every hardship
concerning the new country as a providence of God, but rather an annoying and
unnecessary trial. Cooke has no desire to convince anyone that God is
responsible for all the bad things that happen to him. In contrast, he thinks
all these unfortunate events have been caused by people leaving God’s will in
search of new things. Reading this text offers many contrasts to the history of
early America. As most works originating from the New England area have the
same general ideas and beliefs, including texts from Maryland offers a broader
perspective on the colonization of America. These differing opinions can also
be important in understanding early America more completely.
Additional
information on “Sotweed Factor” and on Ebenezer Cooke, can be found on a few
helpful university websites. These websites offer a lot of historical
information both on the satire and on the author. The actual poem itself is
found on the Early America’s Digital Archive website http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=cooke_sotweed.xml&action=show.
Other historical information can be found on the poem and author at a few other
websites, which are: The University of North Carolina at Pembroke http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/canam/cooke.htm,
Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities (but prepared for Old
Dominion University) http://mith.umd.edu//summit/Proceedings/Richards.htm,
and Lawyers and Poetry http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lp-2001/cooke.html.
This poem is not only interesting, but it is also important in showing new
perspectives on early America; which is why it should be included in the canon
of American literature.
Works
Cited
Barrett, Tammy. Ebenezer Cook[e]. University of North
Carolina at Pembroke, 1998. Web. 25 September 2012.
Cooke, Ebenezer.
Sotweed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland.
Early Americas Digital Archive, 1707. Web. 25 September 2012.
“Ebenezer Cooke.” Strangers to us all. Lawyers and Poetry, n.d. Web. 25 September
2012.
Richards,
Jeffrey H.. Ibero/Anglo Early American
Conference. Old Dominion University. May 2002. Web. 25 September 2012.
“Satire.” Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd
ed. 2012. Web.
This is a great start to the Intro! One little thing: four paragraphs from the bottom you had this sentence, "So, as a satirical poem," the "so" is a little informal. If you could take it out or replace it with a new word that would be great.
ReplyDeleteAlso, I believe the New World needs to be capitalized, you had it lower cased. I think, anyways, it just looked a little weird...
But you really did have my attention.
Christine,
ReplyDeleteLike Marybeth,I think you have a great start. I do, however, have a few suggestions. I am not an expert on cannons or introductions, but I do not think you should discourage readers from Bradford or Jefferson. If you do want to compare satire with more serious works like Of Plymouth Plantation, I would advise using the author's full names. We all know who Jefferson and Bradford are--the reader might not. However, your paragraph about religion demonstrates an excellent comparative analysis of "The Sotweed Factor" to other works of its time. I loved that section!
I would also introduce the author and contextualize the piece in the first paragraph, rather than the second.
In the third paragraph, you switch tenses. I would switch everything biographical to past tense (discussion of the poem and its contents should be in present tense).
Like I mentioned, I am not an expert in introduction writing, but I was under the impression we were supposed to introduce it.
Towards the middle of your introduction, you begin to summarize and quote your text. Because you've done such an excellent job enticing your audience thus far, I would suggest continuing to contextualize the piece and mention Cooke's unique experiences, rather than show the audience pieces of the text that follows.
Otherwise, you show a really strong grasp of your material. It is clear you researched this topic thoroughly, and you've done a great job building an interest around both Cooke and satirical writing. Moreover, you've explained its pertinence and value to the contemporary reader, which was the entire point of the assignment. Thank you for sharing!
Best,
-Alyssa
I agree with the above comments. I think you're doing a really good job, but I feel like you need to introduce the author and give some kind of biographical information on him so that we can have that context and see how it helps him form his opinions.
ReplyDeleteAlso, I'm not sure if the paragraph regarding where additional information on the text can be found is necessary to your introducing the it. Other than that, I think you did a great job.
This is very well-done and I also agree with the above comments. All I would like to add is that you might want to consider your word choice and punctuation in the following parts of the second half of your intro a bit more. The commas used in the "so" paragraph break up the flow somewhat, as they are used quite close together. Also, you are missing a period at one point in the following paragraph. (I don't mean to nit-pick, but I figured I should point it out since it seems like something I myself would miss and not notice is missing when I go to edit.) Marybeth already pointed out the issue with using "so," but the word "annoying" in the second-to-last paragraph felt a tad informal too. Perhaps it could be replaced with something like bothersome, irritating, or aggravating. But overall you did a fantastic job of describing why this piece matters.
ReplyDeleteI also wrote about "The Sot-weed Factor" so it was interesting to see how someone else approached the poem. Like Alyssa, I really enjoyed the paragraph about religion. I never would have thought about looking at the poem from a religious standpoint. The points that your bring up are great, especially that Maryland turned away from its "brother" England just like Cain did to Abel. I love the fact that your introduction made me look at the poem from a different perspective.
ReplyDeleteAs far as constructive criticism is concerned, the one thing that stood out to me was that in your fourth paragraph from the bottom, you talk about satire not being as common as other "serious types of literature". I would avoid making this statement because Dr. Coronado informed us that satire was, in fact, pretty common for the time period. Also, I would cut out the word "serious" because it comes off as sort of opinionated, and personal opinions are usually kept out of this kind of writing.
Like previous comments, I would say that in your concluding paragraph you might want to lose the parts about where more information could be found. Your conclusion should wrap up the main points you covered in the body of your paper, and restate the thesis. Also, maybe you could try to use different transitional words to keep your paragraphs flowing together smoothly.
Your introduction was a good read that gave me further insight on the poem, and the research you used helped to contextualize it as well. Awesome work!
Christine,
ReplyDeleteI think everyone that commented on your intro already touched on most of the things that I have noticed as well. However, I do have a few suggestions to add.
In your opening paragraph, you use the definition of a satire from the Oxford English Dictionary. Perhaps you could search for a more interesting reference to provide a definition for the term. Maybe bring in a quote from another writer of that time who discusses the use of satires and how they were once viewed by the general public. This is not a necessity,but I think it would add some interesting depth to your intro and claim.
Other than that, I thought you did a good job of providing a brief but close analysis of the work, as well as making a solid claim.